One of the lads destined to hitch the ranks of Michigan’s pioneer sugar barons was John C. Liken. He was practically 70 years outdated when the concept struck him and already wealthy past the goals he in all probability had when he carved barrel staves for a dwelling as an indigent immigrant in New York greater than fifty years earlier. By 1900, he operated a giant enterprise in a small city that referred to him because the city father as a result of his enterprise created the roles that introduced individuals to the city.
His annual gross sales throughout the years previous 1900, in fashionable phrases, equated to about $7.5 million. In a mix of enterprises that employed 200 individuals, he operated 4 noticed mills primarily engaged in manufacturing barrel staves, lots of which he shipped to Germany, two flour mills, a serious retail outlet for {hardware}, dry items, groceries, and medicines which in 1884 employed 9 clerks.
Liken’s enterprises had been headquartered in a small city in Michigan’s “thumb”. The city was Sebewaing, a small assortment of rustic houses nestled on the east shore of the Saginaw Bay some twenty-five miles northeast of Bay City. Its residents had been day laborers who labored at one in every of Liken’s institutions or on one of many surrounding farms, or fished within the nice Saginaw Bay that lapped the shores inside strolling distance of the city.
Sebewaing borrowed its identify from the Chippewa phrase for crooked creek and a few of its wealth from the considerable fishing within the bay. Not lengthy earlier than the 19th century got here to an in depth, close by forests fell to swift axes, making room for German settlers who shortly set concerning the twin duties of eradicating stumps and planting crops.
Liken, a local of Lower Saxony in northwestern Germany met Wallburga Kunkle, the girl who would turn into his spouse, in Binghamton, New York. She was a local of Bavaria and bore the identify of a canonized nun who traveled to Germany from England in 748 to carry out good works. St. Wallburga turned the patron saint of plagues, famines and a bunch of different discomforts, together with canine bites. John Liken had arrived in Binghamton after working for his passage aboard a crusing vessel.
After the delivery of their fourth youngster, Emma, in 1864, who joined her siblings, Mary, born in 1856, Hannah born in 1858, and Charles, born in 1859, John and Walburga moved the household to Sebewaing, a Lutheran settlement that was attracting fishermen, farmers and timber males. The city’s inhabitants upon his arrival in 1865 was inadequate to proclaim it a village, however with the arrival of John Liken, that was about to vary. He established a sawmill the place he made barrel staves. Later, he would develop stores, a creamery, granaries, and ships, incorporating in a single individual a supply for all the products and companies required by the native farming neighborhood. The cream and crops, he positioned on boats and shipped some thirty miles alongside the Saginaw Bay shoreline to Bay City, a bustling and rising metropolis the place the every day demand for groceries grew apace with its burgeoning inhabitants. In was on this connection, transport, that he turned acquainted with ship proprietor Captain Benjamin Boutell and it was via Captain Boutell that he would study sugar alternatives.
The hamlet grew right into a village and the city folks started to think about Liken because the city father. Having introduced two daughters and a son into the neighborhood, who like their father had been all of fine type, good well being, and good cheer, it wasn’t surprising that the Likens started so as to add considerably to the inhabitants. Mary took for a husband, Richard Martini and some years later, Hannah allowed a youthful Christian Bach to show her head (In later instances, Christian adopted his center identify, Fred as his given identify of desire. He seems within the Michigan sugar chronicles authored by Daniel Gutleben as C.F. Bach.) Charles and his spouse, Elizabeth settled into the neighborhood to take up administration of his father’s affairs.
John Liken had departed his Oldenburg house on the age of eighteen after finishing a four-year apprenticeship within the cooperage commerce. He would have identified of sugar beets due to that have and positively would have been conscious that males from his homeland had been having fun with some success with them in Michigan’s Bay County the place three factories had been then in operation and yet one more was underway and yet one more was underneath building in Saginaw.
Altogether, a complete of 11 beet factories would quickly pour sugar and earnings into Michigan cities if one believed the hoopla created by railroads and others who would revenue from the development of factories. The pleasure that had been stirring farmers and buyers throughout the state seeped into Sebewaing. Liken noticed no must drum up help by the same old strategies, holding city conferences, enlisting editors of native newspapers, hiring bands and entrance males to name upon the farmers. He was satisfied of the necessity for a beet sugar manufacturing facility and since a superb portion of the native wealth resided in his coffers, he noticed no want to influence others to take up the trigger. The Likens possessed adequate sources to construct a manufacturing facility.
He fashioned an advert hock committee consisting of his son Charles, Richard Henry Martini, the husband of his daughter Hannah, and daughter Mary’s husband, Christian Fred Bach. All three had held essential positions in Liken’s enterprises for a few years and all had been of their late 30’s, thus steeped in expertise. In addition, the three resided subsequent to at least one one other on Center Street in Sebewaing, with Martini at Number 69, Charles subsequent door at 68, and Bach at Number 67, thus the trio might convene at leisure and with out formality. Should he and his committee approve the concept, the plan would go ahead with out the same old sale of inventory to neighborhood members. It didn’t require a large amount of analysis on the a part of the committee. They had loads of arable land at their disposal. The Liken household managed one thousand acres on their very own account that mixed with others, eradicated a necessity for a rail line to convey beets to a manufacturing facility located on Lake Huron’s shore. They had the monetary capability.
John C. had been beneficiant. Each of his daughters and his son loved full-time servants of their houses and every was effectively sufficient off to put money into the brand new sugar firm on their very own account and every had demonstrated managerial skill over a protracted time frame. They had each attribute wanted for fulfillment within the new business save one…expertise in sugarbeets. News of the exercise in Liken’s headquarters leaked into the neighborhood at massive and impressed some farmers to plant beets, though a accomplished manufacturing facility was practically two years sooner or later. Those beets, when prepared for market, had been shipped to Bay City for processing.
Thinking so as to add the lacking ingredient to an in any other case good equation for fulfillment, John Liken invited Benjamin Boutell and some of his trusted buddies to hitch within the endeavor. As a consequence, in a short while Liken discovered first-hand, how the camel’s nostril underneath the tent fable got here into existence. Boutell, little doubt delighted that his experience was in larger demand than his cash, shortly enlisted males of wealth and expertise. Among them was John Ross, who would quickly turn into treasurer of the German-American Sugar Company, the final of 4 beet sugar factories inbuilt Bay County. Next, got here lumbermen Frederick Woodworth, William Smalley and William Penoyar, and a ship proprietor named William Sharp. When males of the stature of Ben Boutell and Penoyar signaled their curiosity, the floodgates opened; extra males of wealth clamored for a stake within the new firm. A pair of Saginaw attorneys Watts S. Humphrey and Thomas Harvey climbed aboard as did George B. Morley, legendary grain supplier and banker. Rasmus Hanson, a rich lumberman from Grayling, and future president of the German-American Sugar Company, purchased in as did William H. Wallace, a quarry operator in close by Bay Port.
Unwittingly, Liken in attracting buyers from Saginaw and Bay City, introduced collectively two distinct teams which may very well be described as two separate circles of affect. Boutell’s circle consisted of Bay County buyers, Woodworth, Ross, Smalley, Sharp and Penoyar. George Morley’s circle included James MacPherson, Humphrey, Harvey, and William H. Wallace, all Saginaw residents, though Wallace was a local of close by Port Hope and had been a long run resident of Bay Port, a village snugging the shoreline 13 miles northeast of Sebewaing. In the wings was Ezra Rust, a rich Saginaw resident who had gained a fortune within the lumber business. While the entire Bay County buyers had lumber pursuits, of the Saginaw group solely MacPherson had a lumber background. The two circles would take up the game of in-fighting as soon as the brand new firm acquired underway.
Representatives of what amounted to 3 distinct teams, Boutell’s Bay City contingent, Morley’s Saginaw faction, and John Liken’s household, gathered in Watts Humphrey’s Saginaw workplace in July 1901 to take up the matter of group. Humphrey’s fame would come not from sugarbeet processing however from the truth that his then 12-year outdated son, George M. Humphrey, would in the future obtain stature because the Secretary of the Treasury underneath President Dwight D. Eisenhower, serving from 1953 till 1957.
Wasting no time, the organizers had at hand, 4 representatives of building companies specializing in constructing beet processing factories. They had been Fuehrman & Hapke, E. H. Dyer, Kilby Manufacturing, and Oxnard Construction. It was anticipated that as quickly because the shares had been taken up by the attendees, a contract could be awarded to one of many 4 bidders. To Benjamin Boutell and his Bay City group, there was just one bid of any curiosity to them and that was the one from Kilby Manufacturing for $900,000. The value was a hefty $1,500 per ton of beet slicing functionality, practically double the $850 per ton price ticket of the Essexville manufacturing facility and nearly $600 extra per ton than the value for the German-American Sugar Company manufacturing facility that was at present underneath building. Oxnard’s bid of barely greater than $1,800 per ton (together with, as traditional, a Steffens course of) and Dyer’s subsequent to the bottom bid of $1,416 per ton had been crushed out by Fuehrman & Hapke’s profitable bid of $1,320 per ton for a complete value of $792,000.
The first order of enterprise known as for the election of officer and administrators, a usually placid affair when the corporate founders knew each other in addition to did the gathering in Humphrey’s workplace. Representatives of every of the three primary shareholder teams secured positions. Bay City lumberman, W. C. Penoyar was given the presidency, whereas Sebewaing’s Christian Bach took on the vice-presidency, and the Saginaw group noticed William Baker and Thomas Harvey took the secretary and treasurer seats. Benjamin Boutell and William Wallace joined the manager committee. At the highest of the agenda was the matter of deciding on the profitable bid for the manufacturing facility’s building, which might be, as traditional, a full turnkey operation. That’s when the momentary alliance between Bay City, Huron County, and Saginaw County buyers fractured.
Boutell’s crowd, stated the low bid made no distinction, they might settle for none aside from the one submitted by Kilby. To the Saginaw group, this was tantamount to drawing a line within the sand. They believed firmly in awarding the contract to the bottom bidder. Accordingly, the Sebewaing-Saginaw representatives who managed three of the officer positions, ignoring the truth that Boutell and his buddies managed 45 % of the corporate and {that a} member of their faction simply secured the presidency, gave the nod to Fuehrman & Hapke. Boutell and firm recoiling from the suggestion that anybody besides Kilby would construct a manufacturing facility during which that they had invested, cancelled their inventory subscriptions, resigned their positions and withdrew from the board of administrators.
When the mud settled, Boutell and his co-investors had been out and the Saginaw contingent held the controlling curiosity at 55 % with management divided between the Morley and Rust households. The Rust household headed by Ezra Rust would depart its mark on the City of Saginaw within the type of a metropolis park and a serious thoroughfare bearing its identify. Ezra’s confidence within the sugar business could have stemmed from a stint he served as an engineer in a Cuban sugar mill throughout his youth. Morley held 5,000 shares in his personal identify, whereas varied members of the Rust household held 4,000 shares. Family members and buddies of John Liken held 45 %.
The sudden withdrawal of Bay City buyers necessitated a second election. The presidency went to Thomas Harvey. John Liken’s son-in-law, Christian Bach, retained the vice-president’s put up and a seat on the director’s desk. Liken’s son, Charles, accepted an appointment as treasurer however didn’t win a board seat. William F. Schmitt, a minor stockholder and Christian Bach’s sister Emma’s suitor, turned secretary. In time and after having been examined by fireplace, he would show that his development was owed solely to his ability, to not his relationship to the Bach household. In 1906, he took cost of the Sebewaing manufacturing facility which he then guided for six years earlier than leaving the corporate for a senior place with Continental Sugar Company. Directors, along with Harvey and Christian Bach, included William H. Wallace, Watts Humphrey, George Morley, James MacPherson, who changed Benjamin Boutell, and Richard Martini.
The appointed contractor for the manufacturing facility’s building, Henry Theodore Julius Fuehrman, usually addressed as Jules, arrived from New York the place he had constructed an identical manufacturing facility at Lyons and earlier than that, Pekin, Illinois. He appeared in September for the groundbreaking ceremony. With him was his associate, Theodore Hapke who gained excessive regard from space farmers of German extraction due to his data of sugarbeets and his skill to elucidate the topic within the mom tongue.
Fuehrman had been carefully concerned with the development of a beet manufacturing facility in Grand Island, Nebraska, which to his success occurred to be within the place after Germany that he known as house. He was the one son of Henry and Tulia Fuehrman of Brunswick, Germany. Beginning on the age of fourteen, he served an apprenticeship within the mason’s commerce. After deciding to arrange himself for the duties of an architect, he devoted himself to the examine of structure in numerous polytechnic establishments all through his fatherland. When twenty years of age, he entered the Germany Army, serving one yr, and in 1882, he emigrated to America the place after spending two years in Chicago he settled in Grand Island. There he accepted quite a lot of commissions, together with the design of town corridor, a church, a college, and finally the Oxnard beet sugar manufacturing facility in Grand Island.
Fuehrman’s success attracted the celebrated architectural agency of Post & McCord, the agency that constructed the roof over Madison Square Garden and the massive iron frames for the skyscrapers that dotted Broadway and Wall Street and in 1931 would assemble the world’s tallest skyscraper, the Empire State Building. Post & McCord partnered with the equally prestigious American Bridge Company, thus the Sebewaing manufacturing facility’s formation was destined to be of strong building. With William H. Wallace serving on the board of administrators, the query of whether or not the inspiration was going to be made from strong stones or the brand new constructing materials, concrete, was resolved with out dialogue. The stones got here from Wallace’s quarry, 13 miles distant the place they had been carved by his professional workmen into squares that conformed to the architect’s specs. Crushed stone from the identical supply made roadways for hauling gear and later, beets to the manufacturing facility. Already the neighborhood was having fun with the fruits of the presence of a sugar manufacturing facility, improved roads and a richer financial system as staff found gainful employment on the numerous work crews wanted to style a manufacturing facility that will quickly win recognition as one of many largest of its sort within the nation.
Emile Brysselbout, Fuehrman and Hapke’s latest associate, was additionally readily available. Brysselbout’s credentials included the lately constructed Charlevoix, Michigan sugarbeet manufacturing facility and he had supervised the development of the Essexville manufacturing facility.
The cornerstone was laid on October 21, 1901 however the absence of certified engineers delayed building. Experienced building engineers had turn into a premium in a nation that instantly couldn’t have sufficient beet sugar factories. Twenty-five beet sugar factories had been constructed between 1900 and 1905 of which ten had been in Michigan. Adding to the difficulties was Fuehrman’s absence. He had departed for Dresden, Ontario to assemble an identical manufacturing facility for Captain James Davidson, a Bay City magnate who had determined to dedicate a portion of his wealth to the beet business.
By appearances, Davidson’s contract held larger significance for Fuehrman than did Sebewaing’s. William Wallace, famous for at all times taking a agency hand the place one was wanted, approached Brysselbout with the insistence that Joseph Eckert be employed. Eckert was a person with a can-do popularity and one who would tolerate no obstacles within the path to his objective. Eckert had simply completed an project at Mendall Bialy’s West Bay City Sugar Company the place he had elevated productiveness greater than one-third.
Gutleben relates that when Eckert arrived in Sebewaing, he discovered nature busy on the process of reclaiming the location. Weeds and wild flowers occupied the house supposed for a manufacturing facility. The few columns that had been erected on Wallace’s stone foundations had been poised as if able to fall to earth. Worse, there was no gear readily available to right the steelwork in place or to put in the stability of it. Fuehrman promised a steam engine however its supply must wait till the metal erection work in Dresden was completed. It was April. The farmers wished to know if they need to plant a beet crop. “Plant ’em!” exclaimed Eckert who then positioned an order for the supply of a steam engine to be charged in opposition to Fuehrman & Hapke’s account. Wallace backed the credit score. Fuehrman’s complexion turned the colour of spoiled liver throughout his subsequent go to; he fired his progressive engineer for insubordination. Wallace accompanied by Brysselbout turned the choice round in a hurried assembly with Fuehrman.
One of some great benefits of having Brysselbout and Eckert on workers was their skill to attract males of comparable ability. Brysselbout, impressed by Eckert’s enthusiasm and unquestioned position as chief challenge engineer after Fuehrman’s failed effort to fireside him, secured skilled and extremely educated operators, males like Hugo Peters, an 1898 graduate of Leipzig University who would turn into Sebewaing’s first manufacturing facility superintendent. James Dooley quickly adopted. He carried a popularity for sensible software of scientific rules and a cool head throughout emergencies. Eckert attracted excellent engineers resembling Eugene Stoeckly and Pete Kinyon, a grasp at erecting the steal grids that turned the frames for the factories. Nearby farmers, lengthy skilled with neighbors William Wallace, “Bill” to all, and John Liken, each onerous driving can-do enterprise leaders, had full confidence {that a} manufacturing facility would stand of their midst at harvest time, as promised. They set about planting the second sugarbeet crop in Huron County with outcomes that will show fortuitous for themselves and for the buyers.
When the bushes started to blaze purple and orange and funky daybreak breezes dried the morning dew earlier than farmers stepped from their doorways, the county’s first sugarbeet crop waited in neat soldiery rows for males, ladies and even kids to method them. A lifter, a tool designed to loosen the beet from earth’s maintain, operated by the farmer, would proceed throughout the sector at a strolling tempo. Harvesters would observe, pulling the beets from the bottom then knocking two of them collectively to loosen soils after which casting them right into a pile to await topping. Eventually, automated motor pushed machines would carry out the duty, a process enhanced by pre-topping after which cleansing of the beets by way of a shaking system and dumped into ready vans. But for now, it was brute work.
On October 10, 1902, it was accomplished. The primary constructing sixty-seven by 258 toes and 5 flooring comprising roughly sixty thousand sq. toes, made from brick and stuffed with probably the most fashionable gear out there to the business, opened for enterprise. In a city the place the common house consisted of fewer than seven hundred sq. toes of house, it was an superior presence. It was one of many grandest and largest buildings constructed within the American Midwest as much as that point.
It was agreed that just one man in all of Huron County deserved the consideration of delivering the primary load of beets to the manufacturing facility, the person whose dream set off the chain of occasions that led to the magnificent constructing now standing on the finish of the city’s primary avenue. He was John C. Liken. His household had gathered spherical two months earlier than on August 9, to rejoice his seventieth birthday and now at an age past that which males generally put aside for the cessation of bodily labor, he guided a workforce of 4 horses drawing a gaily embellished wagon brimming with sugarbeets onto the scales. The Liken household, standing beside the constructors, Bill Wallace and a contingent from Saginaw, applauded the advance of the high-stepping horses and the contented Mr. Liken. Within the week, Hugo Peter performed an operational check, permitting solely water via the manufacturing facility to check the readiness in addition to the concord of the gear. After making a number of changes to right weaknesses detected throughout the water check, he ordered the slicing of beets to start on October 27.
The farmers delivered beets containing 13.23 % sugar of which they harvested practically seven tons to the acre. According to Gutleben’s historical past, the manufacturing facility yielded greater than 91,000 hundredweight of sugar on an extraction price of seventy-one per cent giving it returns larger than from the West Bay City’s manufacturing facility, the Essexville manufacturing facility, the Bay City Sugar Company and positively Benton Harbor, Kalamazoo, and the primary yr of operation on the Caro manufacturing facility. The operational outcomes mirrored these of the Kilby constructed Alma manufacturing facility. Financial outcomes, nevertheless, had been far larger as a result of the 48,250 tons of beets delivered by Sebewaing growers exceeded by two-hundred fifty % the 19,100 tons delivered by Alma growers for that manufacturing facility’s first marketing campaign. Sebewaing growers delivered the best variety of beets delivered to a single manufacturing facility up till that point, loud proof of the arrogance Huron County farmers positioned in Wallace, Liken, and Bach, confidence, as occasions revealed, that was not misplaced. Estimated earnings for Sebewaing’s first yr of operation approximated $140,000, 26 % on gross sales and offering a 17 % return on funding.
Soon, two essential personages representing the American Sugar Refining Company known as on Bill Wallace. They had been Henry Niese, head of operations and W. B. Thomas from the corporate’s treasury division (Thomas would turn into president of American Sugar Refining on December 20, 1907 following the loss of life of Henry O. Havemeyer earlier that month.). Their mission was to scout candidates for admission to the Sugar Trust. The go to occasioned a major change within the firm’s make-up when Charles B. Warren, a Detroit legal professional who represented the pursuits of the American Sugar Refining Company arrived shortly afterward to supply an funding of $325,000. The firm issued an extra thirty-five thousand shares of inventory of which he acquired 32,500; different shareholders every elevated their stake by roughly 8.Three %, successfully giving Warren a 50 % curiosity within the firm with the opposite half within the arms of the Liken household (24 %) and Morley’s Saginaw buyers (26 %).
The bloom of youth nonetheless graced the cheeks of Charles Beecher Warren when he appeared in Sebewaing like a godsend to drop what would quantity to in present {dollars} practically seven million {dollars} in a start-up firm managed solely by native buyers. His youth disguised a younger man bearing a sound schooling and a steely resolve to make one thing of himself. Before his time handed, he would turn into the US ambassador to 2 nations (Japan in 1921 and Mexico in 1924), write the rules for conscription throughout World War I, head a serious regulation agency and direct the affairs of quite a lot of companies.
In 1903 when visiting Sebewaing, nevertheless, he resembled not a lot the facility dealer and revered lawyer he would turn into however as a substitute, a pleasing younger man with a pocket full of money. He was recent from Saginaw the place he persuaded the homeowners of the Carrollton manufacturing facility to take his money in trade for a 60 % stake within the manufacturing facility that got here into existence when Boutell’s Bay City crowd parted firm with the Sebewaing buyers. He would, over the course of some years, dispense greater than three and half million {dollars} in Michigan alone ($60 million in present {dollars}) whereas buying sugar corporations that will instantly report back to the New York workplace of the American Sugar Refining Company-not unhealthy for somebody who had been taking rooms in a boarding home located close to Cass Avenue in Detroit in 1900.
His rise to energy started six years earlier when he was appointed affiliate counsel for the US authorities in hearings earlier than the joint excessive fee within the Bering Sea controversy with Great Britain. The matter involved England’s perceived proper to reap seals however the United States opinion that extinction would absolutely observe that follow. By 1900, he was a associate within the regulation agency of Shaw, Warren, Cady & Oakes a Detroit agency representing quite a lot of banks and manufacturing companies, chief amongst them the American Sugar Refining Company. Just a few years therefore, he would undertake the title of president of Michigan Sugar Company, a place he would maintain for 19 years along with the presidency of a sugar firm in Iowa and one other in Minnesota. During that very same time interval he returned to the worldwide area as soon as once more the place his rigorously watched efficiency gained accolades from imminent legal professionals in Europe and America. This time, he appeared on behalf of the United States earlier than the Hague tribunal to resolve a dispute between the United States and England regarding North Atlantic fishing rights.
The son of a small city newspaper editor, Robert Warren, he listed Bay City as his birthplace, however due to the character of his father’s occupation, moved occasionally whereas rising up, at all times inside Michigan. He graduated first from Albion College then attended and graduated from the University of Michigan earlier than attending the Detroit College of Law the place he graduated LL.B. At the Detroit College of Law, he studied underneath Don. M. Dickenson after which joined Dickenson’s agency when he was admitted to the bar in 1893, the yr he graduated. Just a few years later, he joined John C. Shaw and William B Cady in organizing a separate regulation agency, a agency he would finally head all through his profession. Early on, displaying an understanding of the worth of macro administration, he tended to see to the set up of skilled managers after which depart them unmolested as they carried out the everyday necessities of conducting enterprise.
Much as Caro served as a coaching floor for manufacturing facility operators, Sebewaing acted as a faculty for manufacturing facility managers who had been despatched all through America to beet and cane factories owned by American Sugar Refining Company and others. Hugo Peters moved on to Dresden to supervise James Davidson’s operation after which took related positions in Idaho, Utah, California and even the West Indies. In 1920, Peters turned his consideration to spectro-photometric evaluation for the US Bureau of Standards, making critical contributions to paint evaluation. Jim Dooley stayed on as supervisor at Sebewaing for a number of years then headed operations for all of Michigan Sugar Company when it got here into existence in 1906. Wilfred Van Duker, Sebewaing’s first chief chemist, devoted the bigger portion of his profession to enhancing cane milling in Hawaii. There, he finally managed 4 sugar estates. Richard Henry Martini turned General Agricultural Superintendent for Michigan Sugar Company and Henry Pety moved on to Utah for a superintendency earlier than returning to Michigan to handle the Mount Pleasant manufacturing facility. The Sebewaing manufacturing facility continued to develop by including bodily buildings and gear within the type of diffusion towers, automated affairs that changed the older battery operations, evaporators, fashionable centrifugals, storage bins and different gear that induced the every day beet slicing capability to steadily develop from 600 tons per day to greater than 5,000 tons per day.
Sources:
Estimated earnings for the primary yr of operation: Records didn’t survive. The writer decided an estimated revenue by making use of an estimated promoting value of $5.12 for every 100 kilos to the entire hundredweight out there on the market after which deducted prices estimated at$3.57 per 100 kilos.
GUTTLEBEN, Daniel, The Sugar Tramp – 1954 p. 182 regarding buy of sugar factories by the Sugar Trust, p. 177 regarding group of Sebewaing Sugar and working outcomes, printed by Bay Cities Duplicating Company, San Francisco, California
MICHIGAN ANNUAL REPORTS, Michigan Archives, Lansing, Michigan: Sebewaing Sugar 1903, 1904 Sebewaing Lumber, 1901, 1904 Bay Port Fish, 1901
Saginaw Courier Herald, July 11, 1901 – reporting on the assembly of stockholders of the newly fashioned Sebewaing Sugar Company.
Portrait and biographical album of Huron County: John C. Liken, Christian F. Bach, Richard Martini
U.S. Census stories for Sebewaing, 1900, 1910
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