This is an audio model of the Wikipedia Article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum
00:02:14 1 Etymology 00:03:20 2 History 00:03:29 2.1 Early 00:06:55 2.2 Modern 00:14:33 3 Composition 00:20:45 4 Chemistry 00:25:49 5 Empirical equations for thermal properties 00:26:00 5.1 Heat of combustion 00:27:02 5.2 Thermal conductivity 00:28:20 5.3 Specific warmth 00:30:20 5.4 Latent warmth of vaporization 00:32:15 6 Formation 00:33:36 6.1 First section of diagenesis: anaerobic decay 00:34:59 6.2 Second section of diagenesis: kerogen formation 00:36:26 6.3 Catagenesis: transformation of kerogen into fossil fuels 00:39:20 6.4 Abiogenic petroleum 00:40:15 7 Reservoirs 00:43:49 7.1 Unconventional oil reservoirs 00:45:35 8 Classification 00:48:49 9 Industry 00:51:04 9.1 Shipping 00:51:56 10 Price 00:52:39 11 Uses 00:53:13 11.1 Fuels 00:53:36 11.2 Other derivatives 00:54:46 11.3 Agriculture 00:55:08 12 Use by nation 00:55:17 12.1 Consumption statistics 00:55:27 12.2 Consumption 00:56:15 12.3 Production 00:56:34 12.4 Exportation 00:57:35 12.5 Importation 00:58:06 12.6 Oil imports to the United States by nation 2010 00:58:18 12.7 Non-producing shoppers 00:58:37 13 Environmental results 00:59:17 13.1 Ocean acidification 00:59:48 13.2 Global warming 01:00:46 13.3 Extraction 01:01:21 13.4 Oil spills 01:03:33 13.5 Tarballs 01:04:39 13.6 Whales 01:05:04 14 Alternatives 01:05:41 14.1 Vehicle fuels 01:06:36 14.2 Industrial oils 01:06:52 14.3 Electricity 01:07:25 15 Future manufacturing 01:10:13 15.1 Peak oil 01:13:01 15.2 Unconventional oil 01:14:25 16 See additionally
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SUMMARY ======= Petroleum () is a naturally occurring, yellowish-black liquid present in geological formations beneath the Earth’s floor. It is usually refined into numerous forms of fuels. Components of petroleum are separated utilizing a method referred to as fractional distillation, i.e. separation of a liquid combination into fractions differing in boiling level by the use of distillation, sometimes utilizing a fractionating column. It consists of naturally occurring hydrocarbons of assorted molecular weights and will include miscellaneous natural compounds. The title petroleum covers each naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum merchandise which are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil gasoline, petroleum is shaped when giant portions of useless organisms, largely zooplankton and algae, are buried beneath sedimentary rock and subjected to each intense warmth and stress. Petroleum has largely been recovered by oil drilling (pure petroleum springs are uncommon). Drilling is carried out after research of structural geology (on the reservoir scale), sedimentary basin evaluation, and reservoir characterisation (primarily by way of the porosity and permeability of geologic reservoir constructions) have been accomplished. It is refined and separated, most simply by distillation, into numerous client merchandise, from gasoline (petrol) and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics, pesticides and prescription drugs. Petroleum is utilized in manufacturing all kinds of supplies, and it’s estimated that the world consumes about 95 million barrels every day. The use of petroleum as gasoline is controversial as a result of its impression on international warming and ocean acidification. Fossil gasoline phase-out, together with petroleum, have to be accomplished by the top of 21st century to keep away from “severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems”, based on the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
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