Michigan’s lumber trade and the 19th century drew to a detailed collectively. Lumber barons had swept by the state like a hurricane, a lot as that they had carried out in New England and New York, carting away the world’s final nice stand of white pine forests. In their wake lay dying cities, a whole bunch of miles of flamable particles, erosion-made swampland and wonderment on the a part of these left behind that that they had traded their heritage for a handful of vibrant cash. Lumber cities throughout the state, considered one of them, Caro, named for some inexplicable motive after Cairo, Egypt, confronted extinction.
If a city was to have an excellent probability of discovering a spot within the 20th century then it wanted an trade. Town mayors and different leaders throughout the state solid about for one. In Caro, speak about sugarbeets had drifted from Bay County the place an entrepreneur named Thomas Cranage constructed a sugar manufacturing facility in Essexville, a suburb of Bay City, one other lumber city looking for an financial foothold to switch lumber. The outcomes of Cranage’s experiment sparked enthusiasm that shortly changed the gloom that had settled into the hearts and minds of the leaders of faltering lumber communities.
Cranage traveled to Nebraska, Utah, New Mexico, and California the place he witnessed the method and talked to the technicians after which employed them. He then created Michigan Sugar Company and, avoiding the error of many entrepreneurs, noticed that it had ample capital to outlive the disappointments that so typically accompany new ventures.
Michigan Sugar Company benefited not solely from good planning however from good climate. The first sugarbeet harvest and processing season (known as a “campaign” within the parlance of the beet sugar trade) within the state’s historical past was, by each account, a exceptional success. Farmers harvested a median of 10.Three tons from every of three,103 acres for a complete of 32,047 tons of sugarbeets. The sugar content material of the beets averaged 12.93 % with a purity of eighty-two % from which the manufacturing facility extracted 5,685,552 kilos of sugar. A sugar content material of 12.93 % meant every bought ton of beets contained 258.6 kilos of sugar. From that, the brand new sugar manufacturing facility packaged 169 kilos, which equated to whole sugar restoration of sixty-nine %, a superb outcome for a primary marketing campaign.
Principal amongst leaders in Caro, the middle of enterprise exercise for Tuscola County, was Charles Montague. The city waited to study what Mr. Montague considered the sugar discuss.
Montague was fifty-two years previous when Michigan started to open its eyes to the prospects of sugar. He had already achieved success in lots of fields together with banking, farming, lumber milling, merchandising and manufacturing. In addition to proudly owning and working the city’s lodge, he operated the native phone system and electrical lighting firm.
If a sugar manufacturing facility was going to be inbuilt a city, it wanted a outstanding citizen to get on board, somebody’s whose participation would create a groundswell of enthusiasm – sufficient to shake {dollars} unfastened from hidden locations – sufficient to trigger farmers to favorably take into account elevating beets that might make townsmen wealthy. As it could prove, Caro was one of many few Michigan communities that didn’t must generate funding from throughout the group. In Detroit, ninety miles to south, keen buyers looked for ripe alternatives and nearer to house within the close by city of Vassar, lived a person whose roving eye by no means ceased to seek for alternative.
Richard Hoodless lived in consolation in Vasser, a small metropolis named after Mathew Vassar, the founding father of Vassar University. He had for a few years traveled Europe’s roads as a purchaser of agricultural merchandise for an English concern. He noticed his first beet fields in Germany twenty years earlier, noticed affluent factories perched close to cities, factories that employed laborers, bought provides and paid taxes to native governments and customarily brought on a rising tide of sustained prosperity during which no citizen straight or not directly was denied an opportunity to dip into the treasure-trove shaped out of beet fields.
Hoodless appeared for tactics to duplicate the success of Germany’s farmers. As luck would have it, an commercial appeared in a Chicago newspaper, positioned by August Maritzen, a youthful architect, just lately married, who had taken outing from his honeymoon to advertise enterprise for a producer in Germany whose identify might be pronounced by most Americans provided that they first stuffed their mouths with marbles. It was A. Wernicke Maschinenbau Aktiengesellschaft of Halle, Germany. Hoodless replied to the commercial and in return, Maritzen supplied the numerous sum of $4,000 (greater than $80,000 in trendy {dollars}) if Hoodless may generate sufficient curiosity to determine a manufacturing facility in Caro.
On one hand, Hoodless had in Charles Montague, a person of wealth who dearly beloved each alternative and know-how as evidenced by his management of the native phone and lighting firms, new shining hallmarks of late 19th century know-how, and on the opposite, in Wernicke, an skilled manufacturing facility builder wanting to assemble a manufacturing facility within the United States. For assist, he turned to 2 associates, Fred Wheat linked to the Montagues by marriage for a few years, and John Wilsey. Wheat was a lawyer whose spouse was Maria Montague, a sister of Charles Montague.
Hoodless then assembled a residents committee that turned the predecessor to the Caro Sugar Company. A member of the committee, Fred Slocum, additionally served as editor of the Tuscola County Advertiser and helped promote the thought in his information columns. Farmers in Caro’s neighborhood, conscious of the good pleasure occasioned by the Essexville experiment signed on as did Charles Montague and his affiliate, banker John Seeley who had earned his spurs in coal mining. He served because the vice-president of the Sebewaing Coal Company; a company headed by Spencer O. Fisher who additionally was concerned in Essexville’s Michigan Sugar Company and would later develop into president of the West Bay City Sugar Company.
Once Montague picked up the ball, he ran for the tip zone with out contemplating aggressive quotes for manufacturing facility development. Indeed, it was Wernicke consultant, Max Schroeder who joined Montague and Seeley on an tour to Detroit on a January night in 1899. The evening was blistering chilly; the deal within the making was sizzling. The nice worry was that another city would beat Caro to the punch, drawing funding {dollars} away from Tuscola County. Time was of the essence.
For one week, the city held its breath because the trio met with necessary financiers in Detroit. Daniel Gutleben, in his The Sugar Tramp-1954 reported the receipt of a telegram by the organizing committee at Caro saying that funding capitalists had invested within the manufacturing facility and had awarded Wernicke the contract for its development. Pandemonium “reigned supreme” in keeping with the Tuscola County Advertiser. Seeley arrived alone on Tuesday’s night prepare with a narrative to inform, one which lives but in Caro’s reminiscence, handed down by every succeeding era and recorded in Daniel Gutleben’s chronicles. It is a narrative that reveals how Charles Montague persuaded some massive metropolis wheelers and sellers into investing closely in Michigan’s second beet sugar manufacturing facility.
No one questioned Wernicke’s means to construct a manufacturing facility 4 thousand miles from its base in another country the place the language, customs and financial situations differed considerably from the house nation. There was nobody on the board of administrators who possessed any expertise in any respect with beet sugar factories nor did the board foresee a necessity to interact company officers possessed of such expertise. After all, Wernicke was the sugar skilled, claiming greater than 200 tasks, together with one simply accomplished in Australia. It additionally didn’t matter as a result of Wernicke, with enthusiasm working amuck, signed a contract guaranteeing the brand new manufacturing facility would slice 500 tons of beets every day for a least thirty successive days at a price of three cents per pound for sugar at present promoting in Chicago for six cents per pound, retail.
That a brand new manufacturing facility, even one constructed by somebody missing the disadvantages of constructing a manufacturing facility in a international land, may function at 500 tons per day throughout its maiden voyage was remarkable. Inevitable development issues at all times created delays; fine-tuning would deter full slicing functionality for weeks, typically months. Added to the combination had been manufacturing facility crews extra accustomed to strolling behind plows or pulling down timber with axes than working boilers, engines, diffusers, vacuum pans, and evaporators all in excellent concord. A 12 months earlier, the Essexville manufacturing facility builders had missed its assure to supply sugar for 3 and one-half cents per pound by fifteen cents and paid for it with a expensive out of court docket settlement, a reality both unknown by Wernicke or dismissed in a second of unwarranted confidence. Further, Wernicke agreed to finance $300,000 of the estimated $400,000 development value.
For Caro and its Detroit buyers, it was too good a deal to move up. It acquired higher as time went on. The village council, as an added inducement, bought 100 acres of land in two parcels, considered one of which belonged to Charles Montague, and gifted it to the manufacturing facility house owners, considered one of whom was Montague. The Caro Water Company sweetened the deal when it supplied, freed from cost, as much as 500,000 gallons of spring water day by day.
Thus did Caro, because of Montague’s power and Hoodless’s ambition and the desire of a city that may not be left behind, discover itself the beneficiary of a manufacturing facility largely paid for by exterior buyers. Foregoing the unique identify, The Caro Sugar Company, the organizers shaped the Peninsular Sugar Refining Company on January 30, 1899 with 30,000 shares with a par worth of $10. By August of the identical 12 months, the capitalization jumped to $500,000 and jumped once more in February 1902 when it climbed to $750,000. Its last increment occurred in September 1902 when it superior to an excellent a million {dollars} – 100,000 shares at $10.00 par worth.
The moneymen included Detroit industrialists Charles Bewick who a number of years later invested within the East Tawas sugar manufacturing facility and Henry B. Joy, who in 1905 turned president of the Packard Motor Car Company. Joy and members of his household invested in a variety of Michigan’s sugar factories, together with these at Alma, Croswell, and Bay City. His brother-in-law and a co-founder of the Packard Motor Car Company, Truman Newberry, invested in Caro, as effectively, and together with Joy, turned one of many firm administrators. Newberry would in 1918 catch fleeting fame because the profitable bidder for a U.S. Senate seat for Michigan, defeating Henry Ford, one other magnate who sought the identical publish. (Newberry fame lasted longer in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula the place they named a city Newberry to commemorate his father’s thoughtfulness in chopping down all of the hardwoods he may discover and turning them into charcoal.)
David Cady and Gilbert Lee, house owners of a giant wholesale meals distributorship in Detroit, managed between them, practically 5 thousand shares. Gilbert Lee moved into the president’s chair whereas Henry Joy settled for a vice-presidency. Within a number of years the Sugar Trust got here to city and the whole lot modified. The American Sugar Refining Company referred to all over the place in newspapers because the Sugar Trust, moved into Michigan in 1901 and 1902 and started absorbing beet sugar factories at a speedy tempo. Gone now was Charles Montague whose power and drive assembled the components that made the corporate. Gone, too, was John Seeley, his buddy and accomplice. Richard Hoodless, who began all of it, by no means made it to the stockholder listing.
By 1903, the shareholder’s listing mirrored among the prime names within the Sugar Trust. Chief amongst them was Charles B. Warren, authorized counsel to the American Sugar Refining Company, whose 22,001 shares topped the 1904 shareholder listing. The second rating shareholder was Thomas B. Washington of Boston, Massachusetts, a director of the American Sugar Refining Company who held 15,667 shares. He would rise to the presidency of the Sugar Trust 4 years later upon the dying of Henry O. Havemeyer, its founder. Third was Lowell Palmer, an government with the American Sugar Refining Company who held 10,126 shares. Together, the three managed 48% of the Peninsular Sugar Refining Company. An attention-grabbing characteristic of the shareholder listing was the absence of the names of Caro residents aside from a number of latter day residents, workers of the sugar manufacturing facility.
The American Sugar Refining Company, vilified within the day by day press for its monopolistic tendencies and harried in federal courtrooms for perceived violations of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, was held in excessive regard by its 13,000 shareholders who loved a gentle stream of dividends, 12% every year since 1894. An under-appreciated side of the Sugar Trust was that it demanded that firms underneath its jurisdiction produce merchandise of top of the range at low value and to that finish supplied skilled advisors who traveled from manufacturing facility to manufacturing facility shelling out technical info, overseeing coaching and staffing, and inspecting the amenities.
But in 1899, the village of Caro’s curiosity lay, not within the realm of excessive finance or company philosophy however within the a whole bunch of employees in want of boarding, meals, and clothes and different requirements and luxuries that brought on money registers to ring all in regards to the city. Men, cash, tools, and constructing supplies poured into the hamlet. Forty-eight carloads of kit plus six million bricks and one thousand cords of stone arrived in speedy succession. Three hundred employees, together with bricklayers who earned fifty-cents an hour in comparison with fifteen cents for frequent laborers and 5 cents for apprentice electricians, created a buzz of exercise that started when the snow melted in April and ended October 23 when Superintendent Georg Bartsch, a famous skilled in sugar manufacturing with particular acclaim received for experience in crystallization and vacuum pan operation, declared the manufacturing facility prepared for operations.
Performance ensures for brand new beet sugar factories plagued those that dared to challenge them-and would quickly plague Wernicke. The manufacturing facility as described by Gutleben, whereas eschewing some American preferences when it comes to supplies, nonetheless represented the foremost in manufacturing facility design. It possessed 4 quadruple impact evaporators fabricated from wrought iron, supplying a mixed 8,911 sq. ft of heating floor, two pans every 9-1/2 ft in diameter x 13 ft excessive containing 753 sq. ft of heating floor, and centrifugals that used steam jets for the ultimate washing of the sugar. Six 700 cubic-foot spray-cooled vacuum-filled crystallizers put in on the pan flooring expedited cooling, a contemporary characteristic that improved throughput. Nine water-tube boilers fitted with mechanical stokers supplied an ample provide of steam. A concrete flooring, a luxurious in keeping with Michigan manufacturing facility requirements of the day, separated the manufacturing facility from the mud and clay that lay beneath.
Two important variations between a manufacturing facility of American design and considered one of German design brought on some quick rancor. The first was that American administration type known as for superintendents who impressed the invention of the phrase, “manage on your feet, not on your seat” whereas the German methodology known as for a subject marshal who commanded from afar, sending lieutenants ahead to gather info and to dispense managerial knowledge and dictates.
In addition, the European methodology of administration known as for a lot secrecy between administration and the managed and as well as, technicians reserved their information to themselves, sharing what they knew solely with sons or those that paid handsomely for instruction. The departmentalized manufacturing facility match the European administration type completely. For that motive, the Caro manufacturing facility consisted of a variety of separate rooms, or departments, the impact of which encumbered communication and elevated the variety of laborers required to function the manufacturing facility. Messengers scurried between rooms delivering orders and knowledge, not at all times as well timed as circumstances required. The association, in later years, would make it troublesome to broaden the manufacturing facility; enlargement of 1 space usually occurred on the expense of one other. Kilby-built factories, these constructed by Joseph Kilby of Cleveland, Ohio, thought of by many the premier constructor of sugar factories, conversely, supplied ample area that in two and extra generations of successive improvement allowed for five-fold enlargement of capability with solely minor additions to the constructions or foundations.
Wernicke’s file from the standpoint of practicality and equity, nevertheless, was excellent. Between March 1, 1899 and October 23 of the identical 12 months, the German firm had shipped a great portion of the manufacturing facility from Germany. It then organized for the design and development of an entire working facility in a comparatively new trade in another country in just below seven months, changing into the primary of eight beet sugar factories constructed in Michigan in 1899 which then made it the second such manufacturing facility inbuilt Michigan after Essexville’s. By requirements current in 1899 and multiple hundred years later, Wernicke’s accomplishment stands as a monumental achievement. Other than peculiar upsets, the manufacturing facility had operated as effectively, and in some circumstances, higher than any start-up that happened that 12 months.
Because of the lack of data, particularly, the sugar content material of the processed beets, the outcomes of the primary marketing campaign can solely be estimated. Nearby Bay City reported sugar content material of 13 % and eleven % was reported elsewhere within the state. Applying a median of twelve %, then, to the crop acquired at Caro, signifies the brand new manufacturing facility recovered 66 % of the sugar within the beets, evaluating favorably to the 61 % recovered at Benton Harbor however wanting Alma the place restoration reached 72 %.
However encouraging the outcomes might have been, the easy reality was Wernicke failed to realize three situations spelled out within the contract, failures that may end in a hurried stroll to the woodshed. First, the manufacturing facility didn’t slice 500 tons per day for 30 consecutive days, as assured. Secondly, value exceeded three cents per pound, and third, the manufacturing facility was not prepared to simply accept beets on September 1, 1899, as promised. Also, in keeping with the corporate, the sugar produced lacked salability and far of it was misplaced within the course of. It was then that Wernicke discovered the litigious nature of Michigan’s pioneer sugar producers.
It might have been doable that the corporate would have relented considerably in consideration of Wernicke’s distinctive effort besides that the administrators contemplated working losses as a result of the State of Michigan determined to withhold fee of a promised bounty on any sugar produced after January 1, 1899. The bounty supplied fee from the state treasury of 1 cent for every pound of sugar produced in Michigan from sugarbeets however had been declared unconstitutional by the Auditor General, a call later upheld by the state supreme court docket. The resolution represented a catastrophe to buyers as a result of one-cent equated roughly to one-third of the working prices. The United States Supreme Court declined to think about the case, giving rise to the mistaken perception that the choice upheld the decrease court docket’s resolution. The unremitted bounty cash amounted to $40,436; a a lot wanted offset to an approximate $65,000 loss.
When it got here time to take Wernicke to court docket, the corporate administrators selected as their authorized advocate, Charles Evans Hughes, an excellent jurist destined to develop into the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. In getting ready for his day in court docket with Wernicke, Hughes discovered the German language and the beet sugar trade from the bottom as much as allow him to cross-examine German engineers showing as skilled witnesses. According to James Howell, a former Caro manufacturing facility superintendent who authored an in depth account of Caro’s manufacturing facility historical past, Hughes spent a month on the Caro manufacturing facility exploring each nook and cranny till he turned skilled in its design and performance.
The ensuing court docket case, in keeping with Gutleben, resulted in a forfeiture of the $300,000 bond underwritten by Wernicke, seventy-five % of the contract worth, inflicting Wernicke to withdraw altogether from establishing sugar factories within the United States. Howell, writing six years earlier than Gutleben, gave a barely altered account. He associated that Wernicke remitted $150,000 and forgave $125,000 nonetheless due on the development contract.
Shortly, Oxnard Construction Company appeared in Caro to have an effect on adjustments to the manufacturing facility, none of which had been materials when it comes to the unique development. American made centrifugals, these by the American Tool Machine Company, typically known as “Amtool” within the trade, changed these of German design. One main change had nothing to do with defects within the unique design. It was the addition of the Steffen course of for eradicating sugar from molasses. A chief drawback of the period was the excessive ratio of sugar that escaped the manufacturing course of and ended its days combined in with molasses, the gummy syrup left over from the manufacturing course of. The second 12 months’s monetary outcomes had been spectacular. The new centrifugals and Steffens course of (known as the Steffen’s House within the trade) proved their price. Seven million kilos of sugar handed by the storehouse, the product of thirty-two thousand tons of sugarbeets that contained 14 % sugar. The manufacturing facility extracted 243 kilos of sugar from every ton of sugarbeets, a 35 % enchancment over the primary 12 months. The new Steffen course of had not solely recovered sugar from the approximate twenty tons of molasses produced every day but in addition recovered sugar from molasses left over from the earlier crop.
Henry Oxnard founds a administration dynasty at Caro Henry Oxnard did greater than merely redesign a manufacturing facility when he utilized his efforts to the issues then current at Caro; he based a administration dynasty that may completely affect not solely the Caro manufacturing facility but in addition the fledgling U.S. beet sugar trade. Nearly ten years earlier, in 1891, Henry Oxnard had recruited from Germany and France among the best and finest educated technicians of the day who after arriving in America shaped the nucleus of a cadre that may set about to coach Americans within the manufacturing of sugar from beets.
Having shaped his first-tier of administration, Oxnard then proceeded to offer for the mechanical engineering division. For total development administration obligations, he turned to A. P. Cooper who had served on the pioneer Ames, Nebraska manufacturing facility within the capability of assistant engineer. Cooper promptly surveyed the Caro manufacturing facility and set in movement a plan to have an effect on change, placing to work a duet of draftsmen that had accompanied him to Caro. One was Daniel Gutleben who would someday rise within the ranks of premier manufacturing facility operators and nonetheless later, because the chronicler of the beet trade’s historical past.
With the 2 prime tiers firmly in place, Oxnard then noticed to the position of a bunch of promising laborers who lacked ample coaching however who may carry out with a excessive diploma of satisfaction if given correct tutelage.
Charles Sieland, a thirty-six 12 months previous native of Germany employed by Oxnard to supervise the adjustments, disavowed his countrymen’s tendency to withhold info aside from monetary reward. He adopted Henry Oxnard’s philosophy of sharing info. Caro, in his thoughts, was not solely a manufacturing facility but in addition a college. A protracted roster of manufacturing facility technicians and managers started their careers at Caro underneath his tutelage after which carried their shared information to others once they moved from manufacturing facility to manufacturing facility. One of them was William Hoodless, son of the identical Richard Hoodless who had began the ball rolling for gaining a manufacturing facility in Caro. Within a number of years he held duty for all manufacturing facility operations and never lengthy afterward accepted the presidency of the Pennsylvania Sugar Refinery in Philadelphia.
In 1906, the Sugar Trust consolidated most of its Michigan holdings into one firm, the Michigan Sugar Company, reviving the identify of the primary firm to assemble a sugar manufacturing facility in Michigan. The new Michigan Sugar Company included the Alma Sugar Company, Bay City-Michigan Sugar Company, Peninsular Sugar Refining Company, Carrollton Sugar Company, the Croswell Sugar Company, and the Sebewaing Sugar Company. At the time, the Trust by nominee shareholders held a majority curiosity within the Blissfield Sugar Company constructed a 12 months earlier in 1905, and the East Tawas Sugar Company, an organization, whereas failing as a enterprise enterprise in 1904, was in possession of a high-quality Kilby-built manufacturing facility the Sugar Trust had use for in Chaska, Minnesota the place it operated for the following sixty-six years. The Carrollton Sugar Company additionally included the defunct Saginaw Sugar Company which owned yet one more Kilby-built manufacturing facility, this one destined for Sterling, Colorado the place it served from 1905 to 1985. Charles Warren assumed the presidency of Michigan Sugar Company, a place he held till 1925.
By 1920, the solar had set on the Sugar Trust. After a era of withstanding assaults by varied federal businesses together with the U.S. Justice Department and the Interstate Commerce Commission, the American Sugar Refining Company regularly offered of its many elements to personal buyers and in that method Michigan Sugar Company loosened itself from the grip of the Sugar Trust. Its whole post-trust board of administrators consisted of Michigan residents, none of whom had affiliation with the Sugar Trust aside from its president, Charles B. Warren whose curiosity now lay additional afield first as Ambassador to Japan, 1921-1922, after which Ambassador to Mexico in 1924. He misplaced a bid to develop into Attorney General of the U.S. in 1925 throughout a politically charged senate vote influenced by an aversion to Warren’s previous affiliation with the Sugar Trust. His aspirations for roles within the public sector stored him away from the President’s workplace, a task ably stuffed by William H. Wallace who carried the title, 3d vice-president and General Manager. The first and second vice-presidencies fell to a few heavy hitters on the shareholder listing that had no involvement in day-to-day actions.
Caro survives time and alter Thanks to James Howell, Caro’s superintendent starting in 1944, who ready a recorded historical past in 1948, it’s discovered that Caro started stockpiling beets within the manufacturing facility yard in 1937, an necessary step for growers who after delivering the beets to the manufacturing facility, may look to the wants of different crops whereas previously it was vital to produce the beets as they had been wanted.
During the interval 1928-1937, the Caro manufacturing facility, like practically all of the Michigan beet sugar factories suffered the sick results of the Great Depression. However, from 1937 till the current time, Caro reported regular enchancment when it comes to modernization and enlargement. Centrifugals for white sugar and a brand new pulp warehouse had been added in 1944. A centrifugal is an equipment designed to separate sugar crystals from syrup by filtering the syrup by a display that spins with ample (normally about 1,200 rpm) pace to create a centrifugal pressure that propels the syrup by perforations in a spinning basket. The sugar crystals stay within the basket whereas the syrup recirculates by the method to recuperate extra of the sugar. These and different adjustments have brought on the typical day by day slice charge to broaden to greater than 3,600 tons every twenty-four hours from the 500 tons per day within the unique design which makes it a comparatively small manufacturing facility in comparison with others within the United States that vary from twice as massive to 4 occasions as massive.
If Caro has a secret for surviving greater than 100 years, it’s that the manufacturing facility Oxnard rebuilt remained exactly that for a few years and stays so in the present day, assembly challenges as they come up , gaining the assist of its group and altering when event and alternative be part of collectively to compel change. In that method, the oldest surviving beet sugar manufacturing facility within the United States hangs on in a quick paced trade.
Sources: HOWELL, James, A History of the Caro Plant of the Michigan Sugar Company, an unpublished account of the Caro Factory historical past, May 1, 1948
GUTTLEBEN, Daniel, The Sugar Tramp – 1954 p.182 regarding buy of sugar factories by the Sugar Trust, p. 177 regarding group of Sebewaing Sugar and working outcomes, printed by Bay Cities Duplicating Company, San Francisco, California
MARQUIS, Albert Nelson, editor, The Book of Detroiters, pages 465-468, A.N. Marquis & Company, Chicago, 1908 – in regards to the biography of Charles B. Warren
MICHIGAN ANNUAL REPORTS, Michigan Archives, Lansing, Michigan: Peninsular Sugar Refining Company filed 1904 and Michigan Sugar Company filed 1924
MOODY, John, The Truth in regards to the Trusts, in reference to the remark that the Sugar Trust started shopping for beet sugar firms in Michigan in 1902 and dividend funds between 1892 and 1900.
UNITED STATES. In the District Court of the United States for the southern district of New York United States vs. American Sugar Refining Co., et al. web page 1674, Petitioner’s Exhibit #1494
Copyright, 2009, Thomas Mahar, All Rights Reserved
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